The Concept of “Undertaking in Difficulty” and Evidential Requirements
The “subscribed share capital” of a company includes the capital that is already paid and […]
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Security of Energy Supply
Guaranteed supply of electricity at fixed prices to a state-owned network operator involves a transfer […]
Compensation for Damage and De Minimis Aid
Compensation for damage caused by protected animals is State aid. Member States may categorise compensatory […]
Compensation and State Aid
An event that causes damage for which the state is liable is distinct from the […]
The Mysterious “Substantial” Competitive Effect
State aid has a “substantial” effect on competitors when it has a direct and negative […]
I. The Commission Need not Always Open the Formal Investigation Procedure before Correcting a Faulty Decision II. Fines for Failure to Recover Incompatible Aid
The formal investigation procedure need not be re-opened when the fault lies in the legal […]
Duplication of Infrastructure Does not Promote Regional Development
A private investor is not interested in regional development. A private investor recoups its investment […]
A Non-Selective Financial Tax with a Narrow Scope
The scope of a tax must be objectively defined in order for those excluded from […]
Private Creditor and the Ability of the Debtor to Repay
There are no rules as to the promptness with which a private creditor must act […]
Public Funding of an Energy Infrastructure Project
State aid up to 100% of the funding gap of a project can be compatible […]