Compliance with Public Service Obligations Does Not Necessarily Entitle the Providers of Public Services to Compensation
In the field of bus or rail transportation, Member States may impose either public service […]
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An Innovative Scheme to Support Individual Borrowers
Individuals and households are not undertakings. However, any public funding of individuals or households may […]
State Aid for External Transport Costs
State aid may be granted to reduce the difference in “external” costs caused by different […]
Compensation for the Net Cost of Public Service Obligations (Part II)
Public service obligations must be imposed through an act of entrustment that defines clearly the […]
Legal Standing of Competitors
A Commission decision authorising or prohibiting a state aid measure that can be implemented without […]
Economic Activities of a Research Organisation (Part II)
Introduction Member States use extensively the GBER to support R&D schemes. If we exclude the […]
Economic Activities of a Research Organisation (Part I)
The revenue from the economic activities of a research organisation must cover the full cost […]
The State Behaving Like a Private Land Owner
A private land owner changes rent at market rates. But it may accept lower rent […]
State Guarantees without State Aid
Introduction State guarantees may constitute State aid if they are not priced at market rates. […]
Why Grant a Loan to an Undertaking in Difficulty?
When a market operator invests in an undertaking in difficulty it also considers the possibility […]