State-Aid Free Investment: Pari Passu or Benchmarked against Market Return
Introduction The Finnish state owned 100% of four different companies which operated risk capital and […]
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The Date State Aid Is Granted
Introduction The date on which State aid is deemed to have been granted is a […]
Linked Enterprises through Relationships between Natural Persons
Introduction A perennial issue facing aid-granting authorities is whether the aid applicants are SMEs. A […]
Selectivity and the Reference System
Introduction A public measure must be selective and satisfy the other criteria of Article 107(1) […]
How to Measure the Damage Caused by an Exceptional Occurrence
On 25 June 2025, the General Court, in case T‑366/22, Ryanair v Commission, dismissed the action brought […]
The Principles of Legal Certainty and Protection of Legitimate Expectations
Introduction The Commission, like all EU institutions, must respect the principles of legal certainty and […]
Deductions from the Tax Base Are not Necessarily Selective
Introduction Member States may design their tax system as they wish, as long as they […]
A Finnish Tax on Sugary Drinks is not Selective
Introduction Several Member States have taxed or want to tax soft drinks with added sugar. […]
Commission Approves State Aid after a Project Has Started
Introduction A fundamental rule of State aid is that no aid may be granted after […]
Public Support for Infrastructure
Introduction Normally, each weekly article reviews just one court judgment or Commission decision. This article […]