State-Aid Free Investment: Pari Passu or Benchmarked against Market Return
Introduction The Finnish state owned 100% of four different companies which operated risk capital and […]
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Linked Enterprises through Relationships between Natural Persons
Introduction A perennial issue facing aid-granting authorities is whether the aid applicants are SMEs. A […]
Selectivity and the Reference System
Introduction A public measure must be selective and satisfy the other criteria of Article 107(1) […]
Coverage of Losses of a State-Owned Company
Introduction Eu law does not prohibit states from owning or investing in companies [see Article […]
Tax Exemption of General Application
Introduction In November 2014, the General Court in case T-219/10, Autogrill v Commission, held that […]
Subsidies to Incentivise Closure of Excess Capacity Are State Aid
Introduction Very often Member States claim that subsidies they grant as compensation for the costs […]
Lease of Public Land
Introduction Public land is a public asset that must be priced correctly when rented out […]
Compensation for Non-payment of State Aid Can Constitute State Aid
Introduction A perennial question by aggrieved investors who feel cheated by u-turns in public policy […]
i) Compensation Can Be State Aid ii) Failure to Act
Introduction This article reviews two judgments concerning a claim that compensation does not constitute State […]
Although Member States Are Free to Determine their Tax Systems, they Must still Conform with State Aid Rules
Introduction On 10 September 2024, the Court of Justice [CJEU] delivered its much anticipated judgment, […]