The State Acting as a Regulator
When the state acts as a regulator, it does not have to charge a licence […]
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Taxation of Multinational Companies: The Apple Case – A Political Setback for the Commission, but a Victory on Principle
Defects, incompleteness and inconsistencies in tax rulings are not sufficient to prove the existence of […]
2019 Competition Report
The Annual Competition Report is a useful document, but it should provide more information on […]
Advantage Must be Proven, Not Assumed
The European Commission has to consider whether the private investor principle is applicable in cases […]
How to Make Good the Damage Caused by a Natural Disaster
Compensation for costs incurred as a result of a natural disaster is State aid. The […]
Public Funding of Infrastructure without State Aid
The existence of State aid must be checked at the level of both the direct […]
Environmental Remediation and State Liability
Liability assumed by the state for the actions of an undertaking constitutes a selective advantage […]
Spanish Football Clubs Score against the Commission: a) Linked Advantages and Disadvantages Must be Assessed Together b) In Determining the Existence of an Advantage, the Commission Must Explain both what it Takes into Account and what it Ignores
State measures which are linked and produce both positive and negative effects, must be considered […]
Advantage through Contracts
A price below the regulated normal price confers an advantage. Competition is distorted even when […]
Part II: Developments on the Concepts of Advantage and Selectivity
The advantage conferred by State aid is not necessarily equivalent to the economic benefit that […]