The Limits of the Competence of National Courts to Review the Implementation of Approved Aid Schemes
Introduction National courts have competence to determine the existence of State aid and whether State […]
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State-Aid Free Investment: Pari Passu or Benchmarked against Market Return
Introduction The Finnish state owned 100% of four different companies which operated risk capital and […]
The Date State Aid Is Granted
Introduction The date on which State aid is deemed to have been granted is a […]
Linked Enterprises through Relationships between Natural Persons
Introduction A perennial issue facing aid-granting authorities is whether the aid applicants are SMEs. A […]
Selectivity and the Reference System
Introduction A public measure must be selective and satisfy the other criteria of Article 107(1) […]
How to Measure the Damage Caused by an Exceptional Occurrence
On 25 June 2025, the General Court, in case T‑366/22, Ryanair v Commission, dismissed the action brought […]
The Principles of Legal Certainty and Protection of Legitimate Expectations
Introduction The Commission, like all EU institutions, must respect the principles of legal certainty and […]
Deductions from the Tax Base Are not Necessarily Selective
Introduction Member States may design their tax system as they wish, as long as they […]
A Finnish Tax on Sugary Drinks is not Selective
Introduction Several Member States have taxed or want to tax soft drinks with added sugar. […]
Commission Approves State Aid after a Project Has Started
Introduction A fundamental rule of State aid is that no aid may be granted after […]