A Primer on Compensation for the Extra Costs of Public Service Obligations Taking into Account Efficiency Gains
When Member States impose PSOs they are never allowed to grant even a single euro […]
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The State Acting as a Private Creditor & State Aid Enforcement and Procedural Rights
In this article I review Commission decision SA.37100 on JSC Liepajas Metalurgs [LM], once Latvia’s […]
Airport Infrastructure, Public Remit and the MEOT
A public authority, acting as a private investor, may provide finance which is free of […]
New State Aid Regulations
Regulation 2015/1589 is the new procedural regulation. It lays down the rules for, among other […]
The Pricing of Access to an Important Project of Common European Interest
Infrastructure that is commercially exploited [e.g. charging of tolls] is an economic activity. Infrastructure that […]
Compensation for Public Service Obligations and Compensation for Damage
Compensation for public service obligations is compatible with the internal market when, at minimum, a […]
Services of General Economic Interest: How to Compensate and Induce more Efficiency
Even traditional monopolists, like postal operators, have to comply with the rules on compensation for […]
When Do Public Pronouncements Confer an Advantage to Undertakings?
Public pronouncements can confer an advantage if they are sufficiently precise and clearly commit a […]
The Challenge of Calculating a Market Price
The market price of land or buildings can be determined via auction, expert valuation or […]
Why Do some Member States Offer so much Fiscal Aid?
Member States differ significantly in their propensity to grant fiscal aid. Introduction Interest in […]