Indirect v Secondary Effects of State Aid
The prohibition of State aid in Article 107(1) of the Treaty applies both to the […]
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Activities Linked to State Prerogatives
Economic activities which cannot be separated from the exercise of public powers cease to be […]
Private Creditor Test
The Commission must apply the private creditor test even if a Member State does not […]
State Resources and Imputability
When the state acts in its capacity as legislator it is not presumed to direct […]
Pitfalls in the Use of De Minimis Aid
Calculating de minimis aid according to the average amount of aid received by undertakings is […]
The Necessity and Proportionality of Regional Aid
The Commission must open the formal investigation procedure when it has serious doubts about the […]
Odysseus and the Sirens: A Rational Market Operator Can Agree to be Bound by the Ruling of an Arbitration Tribunal
A rational market operator can agree to arbitration if there is no reasonable prospect of […]
Calculating the Amount of State Aid in a 100% Public Guarantee
The proxy rates in the Commission Notice on Guarantees cannot be used in cases of […]
Concession Agreements Free of State Aid
Awards of concession contracts should follow a procedure which is open, transparent, non-discriminatory and unconditional. […]
Sale, Liquidation and Other Options for Private Investors
A private investor chooses the less costly option between selling a company at a loss […]