Europäisches Beihilfenrecht Blog

State Aid Uncovered Blog

In Lexxions Blog „State Aid Uncovered” veröffentlicht Prof. Phedon Nicolaides wöchentlich kritische Analysen zu den neuesten Urteilen und Entscheidungen zu staatlichen Beihilfen. Jeder Beitrag stellt die wichtigsten Punkte eines Gerichtsurteils oder einer EU-Kommissionsentscheidung vor, ordnet sie in den Kontext ähnlicher Rechtsprechung oder Praxis ein, bewertet die zugrundeliegende Argumentation und zeigt etwaige Ungereimtheiten oder Widersprüche auf.

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Professor at Maastricht University; Professor at University of Nicosia, and Academic Director at Lexxion Training

14. April 2026  |   von Phedon Nicolaides

Renovation of an Olympic Stadium – PART I
State Aid Blogs - Athens OAKA Stadium State Aid Uncovered photos website
Executive Summary Commercial exploitation of a sports infrastructure is economic in nature. The operator of such infrastructure is an undertaking regardless of whether it is owned by the state, it is not-for-profit, it has certain public interest tasks, its fees are regulated and its revenue is reinvested in the infrastructure. Providing access to the infrastructure to amateur sport clubs and […]
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7. April 2026  |   von Phedon Nicolaides

When Does a Public Measure Become an Aid Scheme?
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos website
An aid scheme has three essential features: It defines the conditions on the basis of which individual aid may be granted to undertakings; eligible undertakings are defined in a general and abstract manner; no additional implementing measures are required for the granting of aid. A public measure that requires subsequent implementing measures before any aid can be granted to undertakings […]
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31. März 2026  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

The Draft New GBER
Draft GBER
Ex post evaluation of large aid schemes is no longer required. “Small amounts” of aid at a higher rate of aid intensity are allowed up to certain amounts. Certain start-ups are eligible for aid even if, technically, they qualify as undertakings in difficulty. A new category of “applied research” is introduced. Member States are permitted to choose the method by […]
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24. März 2026  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Enterprises Linked through Natural Persons
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 2026 03 24T100502.273
A natural person is not an undertaking if he/she only has a controlling interest [e.g. majority of capital or voting rights] in an enterprise that engages in economic activities [i.e. it is an undertaking].  For a natural person to be considered to be an undertaking he/she must have both a controlling interest in an enterprise and be involved directly or indirectly in its management.  Exercising shareholder rights through participating and voting in the annual general meeting of shareholders does not constitute direct or […]
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17. März 2026  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

The Discount Rate Applied to State Aid and Eligible Costs of Regional Investment Projects
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 2026 03 17T091403.447
The discount rate for calculating the present value of state aid granted in tranches is the reference rate; i.e. base rate plus 100 bp. The discount rate for calculating the present value of an investment project is the weighted average cost of capital of the investor. Introduction When state aid is granted in instalments, the amount of future tranches has […]
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10. März 2026  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Green Economy Hub
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 2026 03 09T092603.325
A municipality that develops commercial infrastructure engages in an economic activity.  A municipality that finances the development of commercially used infrastructure may grant state aid to itself.  The selection of the operator of commercial infrastructure on the basis of a competitive procedure eliminates any advantage for the operator.  The users of a commercially operated infrastructure do not receive state aid if they pay prices at market […]
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3. März 2026  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid for a Fish Auction Hall
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 2026 03 03T093248.830
State aid may cover up to 100% of the funding gap of a project.  The funding gap demonstrates that the aid has an incentive effect.  The aid is proportional if it does not exceed the funding gap.  State aid in the fisheries sector may have to comply with both Regulation 2022/2473 [FIBER] and the fisheries guidelines.  Introduction The Commission recently approved the granting of […]
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24. Februar 2026  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

The Gross-Grant Equivalent of State Aid in Public Guarantees
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 2026 02 23T112337.714
The amount of state aid embedded in a public guarantee is the difference between the market rate of the premium and the premium, if any, that is actually charged. The market rate of premium reflects the risk borne by the guarantor, which in turn reflects the credit rating of the beneficiary and the value of the collateral, if any, that […]
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17. Februar 2026  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Who Can Challenge a Commission Decision Authorising State Aid
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 2026 02 16T151513.248
Being a competitor of the aid recipient is not enough. The competitor must show that it is directly and individually affected by the aid. Or, the competitor must show that it is directly affected by the Commission decision and that the decision leaves no discretion to the Member State concerned on how to comply with it. Introduction This article reviews […]
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10. Februar 2026  |   von Phedon Nicolaides

De minimis Aid
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 99
Member States must ensure that individual awards of de minimis aid do not breach the maximum allowable amount per undertaking in any three year period. They can ensure that the maximum amount is not exceeded either by establishing a national register or by checking the amounts already granted to the applicant undertaking and by confirming that any new award will […]
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5. August 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Selectivity and the Reference System
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 62
Introduction A public measure must be selective and satisfy the other criteria of Article 107(1) TFEU in order to be classified as State aid. The detection of selectivity requires a comparative exercise: a comparison of the aid beneficiary or beneficiaries with non-aid beneficiaries. But which non-aid beneficiaries to take into account. The answer is those who are in a similar […]
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29. Juli 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

How to Measure the Damage Caused by an Exceptional Occurrence
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 61
On 25 June 2025, the General Court, in case T‑366/22, Ryanair v Commission, dismissed the action brought by Ryanair seeking the annulment of Commission decision SA.56867.[1] That decision authorised compensation under Article 107(2)(b) TFEU for damage suffered by the German airline Condor as a result of the covid-19 pandemic. However, Condor had been in financial trouble long before the outbreak of the […]
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22. Juli 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

The Principles of Legal Certainty and Protection of Legitimate Expectations
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 60
Introduction The Commission, like all EU institutions, must respect the principles of legal certainty and protection of legitimate expectations. In the field of State aid, those principles mean, among other things, that in practice the Commission cannot reopen a State aid case if there is no change in the measure in question. On 26 June 2025, the Court of Justice […]
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15. Juli 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Deductions from the Tax Base Are not Necessarily Selective
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 59
Introduction Member States may design their tax system as they wish, as long as they conform with State aid rules. Tax systems do not only contain taxes but also exceptions from taxes or tax bases. Exceptions that apply to any tax payer are not selective in the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. For example, deduction from taxable income of the […]
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8. Juli 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

A Finnish Tax on Sugary Drinks is not Selective
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 58
Introduction Several Member States have taxed or want to tax soft drinks with added sugar. They are one of the causes of obesity without having any nutritional value. The problem is how to tax the sugary drinks without the tax being considered as State aid for the drinks that are not taxed. A recent measure implemented by Finland provides guidance […]
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1. Juli 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Commission Approves State Aid after a Project Has Started
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 57
Introduction A fundamental rule of State aid is that no aid may be granted after a project has already started. This rule is repeated in every Commission regulation or set of guidelines. Aid to a project that has already started lacks incentive effect and as such it is a pure waste of public money. However, in December 2022, the Court […]
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24. Juni 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Public Support for Infrastructure
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 56
Introduction Normally, each weekly article reviews just one court judgment or Commission decision. This article deviates from normal practice. It reviews three recent Commission decisions on three different French measures of support of port infrastructure: SA.115739: Direct inland waterway access to Port of Le Havre [April 2025][1] SA.113270: Investment aid to the port of Dunkirk [December 2025][2] SA.111060: Modernisation of […]
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17. Juni 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Coverage of Losses of a State-Owned Company
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 55
Introduction Eu law does not prohibit states from owning or investing in companies [see Article 345 TFEU]. This means that when the state, as owner, makes payments to the companies it owns or loses part of its capital as a result of commercial losses, it does not grant to them State aid if such payments are mandated by law and […]
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10. Juni 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

How to Calculate the Amount of Compensation of SGEI Providers: The Case of Distribution of Newspapers and Periodicals by Belgium’s bpost
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 54
Introduction Public funding that offsets costs incurred as a result of compliance with legal obligations constitutes State aid, if all of the criteria of Article 107(1) TFEU are satisfied. The fact that the purpose of the aid is to offset higher than otherwise costs is irrelevant. However, Article 106(2) TFEU allows Member States to grant State aid to compensate for […]
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3. Juni 2025  |   State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

When Does Existing Aid Become New Aid?
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 53
Introduction New State aid schemes have to be notified to the Commission for prior authorisation. Changes to already authorised schemes that do not alter their nature or significantly increase their amounts do not need to be notified as they are considered to be existing aid. Article 4(1) of Regulation 794/2004 explains that “an alteration to existing aid shall mean any […]
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15. Dezember 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Dimitrios Kyriazis

Ever wondered how Lexxion Seminars are like? Read this Summary of „State Aid in Tax Measures“
Lexxion Seminar
The following is a summary of the main points that were presented and the issues that were discussed in the seminar on State Aid in Tax Measures that was held by Lexxion in Brussels on 7-8 November 2016. The summary has been prepared for information purposes only and it is not meant to be a precise record of the proceedings […]
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19. Oktober 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Gherardo Carullo

Right of Access and State Aid Procedures: a Look at the General Presumption of Confidentiality and the Overriding Public Interest in Case C-271/15, Sea Handling v Commission
airplane flying
Today we are glad to welcome Dr. Gherardo Carullo, research fellow and Ph.D. in law at University of Milan, LL.M. (King’s College London), to our State Aid Blog. He specialises in public law, from a national and European perspective, and in particular in State intervention in the markets, both in his academic studies and in the legal profession. In this […]
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5. Oktober 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Erika Szyszczak

Article 263(4) TFEU: Third Party Challenges to State Aid Decisions
gavel
We are happy to welcome back Prof Erika Szyszczak on the State Aid Blog today. She is Professor of Law and Fellow of the UK Trade Policy Observatory at University of Sussex and practising barrister and ADR mediator at Littleton Chambers, Temple, London. Today she shares her views on two cases that shed new light on third party rights to […]
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14. September 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Michał Bernat

Polish Green Certificates Held by the Commission to Be Compatible State Aid: a Curious Story Comes to an End
windmills
We are happy to welcome Dr Michał Bernat on the State Aid Blog today. He is a legal and tax adviser and State aid expert at the Dentons offices in Warsaw. Today he shares his insights on a decision in a case involving Polish green certificates issued to producers of energy from renewable energy sources. Read on to learn more. […]
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1. September 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Lexxion Publisher

Court’s Diary – September 2016
Judge gavel with law books
Find below the court’s diary for all State aid cases this month. Would you like to write a comment on one of them? Please don’t hesitate and get in touch with us ([email protected]), we are happy to publish your comment on the blog.   Wednesday 14/09/2016 Judgment in Case T-57/15 – Trajektna luka Split v Commission (General Court – Seventh Chamber)   […]
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18. August 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Lexxion Publisher

New Video: How to notify State aid?
youtube screenshot
What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? These and many more basic questions are answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us!   Today one of our speakers and Attaché for State aid of the Hungarian central administration, Peter Staviczky explains how you notify State aid to the European Commission. Find out how to […]
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11. August 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Lexxion Publisher

New Video: What is GBER and how to use it?
youtube screenshot
What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? These and many more basic questions are answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us!   Today Alexander Rose from the Government Legal Service of the UK explains what the GBER (=General Block Exemption Regulation) is and how to use it. Watch the video, comment and […]
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1. Juli 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Lexxion Publisher

Court’s Diary – July 2016
Judge gavel with law books
Find below the court’s diary for all State aid cases this month. Would you like to write a comment on one of them? Please don’t hesitate and get in touch with us ([email protected]), we are happy to publish your comment on the blog.     Thursday 14/07/2016 Judgment in Case T-143/12 – Germany v Commission (General Court – Eigth Chamber) Tuesday 19/07/2016 […]
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22. Juni 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Gian Marco Galletti

Remarks on the Infrastructure Section of the Commission Notice on the Notion of State Aid
Cable-stayed bridge across river Po in Northern Italy
Today we are glad to welcome once again Gian Marco Galletti as guest author on our State aid blog. He is a PhD Candidate & EU Law Tutor at the Dickson Poon School of Law of King’s College London. In this blog post he comments on the Commission’s new Notice on the notion of State aid. Thank you for your […]
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9. Juni 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog von Lexxion Publisher

State Aid Goes YouTube: Visit Phedon Nicolaides on our YouTube Channel
lexxion logo and eu flags
What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? What is General Block Exemption Regulation (GBER) and how to use it? These and many more basic questions will be answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us!   With great pleasure we announce the beginning of a new era of e-learning about […]
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