Europäisches Beihilfenrecht Blog

State Aid Uncovered Blog

In Lexxions Blog „State Aid Uncovered” veröffentlicht Prof. Phedon Nicolaides wöchentlich kritische Analysen zu den neuesten Urteilen und Entscheidungen zu staatlichen Beihilfen. Jeder Beitrag stellt die wichtigsten Punkte eines Gerichtsurteils oder einer EU-Kommissionsentscheidung vor, ordnet sie in den Kontext ähnlicher Rechtsprechung oder Praxis ein, bewertet die zugrundeliegende Argumentation und zeigt etwaige Ungereimtheiten oder Widersprüche auf.

In loser Folge werden auf diesem Blog auch Gastbeiträge von anderen Experten für staatliche Beihilfen veröffentlicht, welche die Inhalte der Blogbeiträge ergänzen.

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Professor at Maastricht University; Professor at University of Nicosia, and Academic Director at Lexxion Training

14. November 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Existing v New Aid

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Any alteration of an existing aid measure can affect the substance of the measure itself. A deviation from the conditions of authorisation may turn existing aid into new aid. Alteration or deviation from the conditions of authorisation that affect the compatibility of an existing aid measure, can result in the granting of new aid. A Member State that alters an […]

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7. November 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Indirect v Secondary Effects of State Aid

State Aid Blogs - 07.11.sardinia airport State aid

The prohibition of State aid in Article 107(1) of the Treaty applies both to the direct and indirect beneficiaries of aid. The direct and indirect beneficiaries are those who are intentionally targeted by the aid. Secondary effects are benefits which are inherent in an aid measure and which are not targeted at specific undertakings. Introduction Public funding for the […]

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1. November 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Activities Linked to State Prerogatives

State Aid Blogs - 01.11.17 State aid

Economic activities which cannot be separated from the exercise of public powers cease to be economic in nature. Introduction The dividing line between economic and non-economic activities is in a permanent state of flux. Although it is now clear that some activities fall within the powers and prerogatives of the state, while many others are carried out by the […]

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24. Oktober 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Private Creditor Test

State Aid Blogs - SAH Blog26 GBERd

The Commission must apply the private creditor test even if a Member State does not request it or believes that it is not relevant. Introduction Private investors always have two options: to invest or not to invest. They choose the option that generates the largest amount of profit or revenue. Similarly, private creditors also have two options: call in […]

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17. Oktober 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

State Resources and Imputability

State Aid Blogs - 17.10. imputability stateaid

When the state acts in its capacity as legislator it is not presumed to direct the resources of undertakings it owns and over which it can exercise dominant influence as a shareholder. Introduction On 13 September 2017, the Court of Justice replied to a request from a national court to advise it on the concept of state resources [case C‑329/15, […]

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10. Oktober 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Pitfalls in the Use of De Minimis Aid

State Aid Blogs - 05.12.Imputability of Aid State aidz

Calculating de minimis aid according to the average amount of aid received by undertakings is wrong. Introduction It appears that all Member States grant de minimis aid, even though some tend to grant it more easily than others. De minimis aid can be used to subsidise any costs, including those which are not eligible under other State aid rules. The […]

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4. Oktober 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

The Necessity and Proportionality of Regional Aid

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The Commission must open the formal investigation procedure when it has serious doubts about the compatibility of State aid. The aid that is necessary to induce a company to locate its investment in an assisted region is the amount that covers the difference in costs between the assisted region and the best alternative location. This amount is also proportional. […]

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26. September 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Odysseus and the Sirens: A Rational Market Operator Can Agree to be Bound by the Ruling of an Arbitration Tribunal

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A rational market operator can agree to arbitration if there is no reasonable prospect of a better outcome. However, a rational operator would ensure that the terms according to which an arbitration decision can be taken would be defined in advance and would not be prejudicial to the operator. Introduction Is it rational for a market operator to agree […]

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19. September 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Calculating the Amount of State Aid in a 100% Public Guarantee

State Aid Blogs - CCH tate aid infratructure

The proxy rates in the Commission Notice on Guarantees cannot be used in cases of state guarantees that cover 100% of the underlying loans. Introduction Last week’s article reviewed the terms of the operation of regional airports in Greece. (View it here). This week’s article continues with the theme of management of public infrastructure and examines Commission decision SA.42545 on […]

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12. September 2017 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Concession Agreements Free of State Aid

State Aid Blogs - concessions State aid airports

Awards of concession contracts should follow a procedure which is open, transparent, non-discriminatory and unconditional. Prices may be regulated to prevent excessive prices and profits. But, the concession fee may be adjusted to enable the concessionaire to earn a sufficient return. Introduction This article examines the link between State aid and concession agreements. In decision SA.44259, the Commission considered […]

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4. August 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Lexxion Publisher

New Video: What can I do if my measure contains State aid?

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What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? These and many more basic questions will be answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us! After Phedon Nicolaides has given us examples of „good aid“, today he answers the question „What can I do if my measure contains State aid?“. View the […]

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2. August 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid Rules and Transfer Pricing

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Tax rulings on transfer pricing have to approximate market-based outcomes. Introduction Twenty years ago, the European Commission initiated discussion on how State aid rules could apply to direct taxation. In 1998 it adopted its Notice on direct business taxation. At about the same time the Commission launched several formal investigations which culminated in negative decisions. In 2013 and 2014, […]

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28. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Lexxion Publisher

New Video: If you want to learn more about State aid issues…

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What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? These and many more basic questions will be answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us! 7 weeks ago we started our new State aid journey on YouTube and thank you for viewing our videos, commenting and subscribing to our channel! Today […]

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26. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

Compatible State Aid May Have Negative Effects on some Market Operators

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The existence of market failure is not necessary for aid to be declared compatible under Article 107(3). Market failure does not mean that the market is completely unable to supply a good or service. State aid aiming to remedy market failure may be compatible with the internal market even if it has a negative impact on some market operators. […]

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21. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Lexxion Publisher

New Video: Which types of State aid are compatible with the internal market?

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What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? These and many more basic questions will be answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us! Last week Phedon Nicolaides gave examples of „good aid“. Today he explains which types of State aid are compatible with the internal market, such as environmental aid, regional development […]

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18. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid to Electricity Intensive Users

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The risk of relocation outside the EU is not accepted as a justification for the granting of State aid. Introduction The European Commission has had to assess many measures of State aid to producers of electricity from renewable energy sources [RES producers or “green” electricity producers] and to intensive users of electricity [EIUs]. The former have benefitted from investment […]

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14. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Lexxion Publisher

New Video: When Is State Aid Allowed and What Is „Good Aid“?

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What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? These and many more basic questions will be answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us! Last week Phedon Nicolaides gave „Practical Examples of State aid“, today he addresses the question „What type of aid is allowed?“. This aid is called „good aid“. […]

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12. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid Modernisation: First Results

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There has been an impressive increase in the use of the General Block Exemption Regulation. However, Member States still notify measures which are acknowledged by the Commission with “comfort letters”. Introduction[1] In May 2012, the European Commission launched its State Aid Modernisation [SAM] initiative. After two years of consultations with the Member States, a set of new State aid […]

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7. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Lexxion Publisher

New Video: Practical Examples of State Aid

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What is State aid? Why do I need to be concerned about State aid? These and many more basic questions will be answered in our videos on YouTube. Make sure to visit us! After answering the question „Who can grant State aid?“ last week, Phedon Nicolaides today gives you some practical examples of State aid such as subsidies by public authorities, […]

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5. Juli 2016 | State Aid Uncovered von Phedon Nicolaides

PART II: Combining Infrastructure Aid with SGEI Aid

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After the spontaneous words on Brexit and State aid last week, I continue with the 2nd part of the post on infrastructure and SGEI today. A provider of services of general economic interest may receive both investment aid and compensation for the extra costs of public service obligations. Part II: SGEI[1] Member States are free to determine the services […]

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